Clinico-pathological analysis of testicular and para-testicular lesions: A single center study.

Abstract

Objective: To determine the distribution spectrum and frequency of testicular and para-testicular lesions, including both neoplastic and non-neoplastic types from one of the diagnostic centres of Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Chughtai Institute of Pathology, Lahore. Period: August 2025 to February 2026. Methods: A total of 396 cases of testicular and paratesticular lesions, including 204 orchidectomy specimens and 192 testicular biopsies received over a period of 1 year were studied retrospectively. Results: Overall, non-neoplastic conditions were predominant. The most frequent non-neoplastic diagnosis was non-granulomatous epididymo-orchitis (40 cases, 19.60%), followed closely by atrophic testes (34 cases, 16.66%). Undescended testis (cryptorchidism) was identified in 12 specimens (5.88%). Among the neoplastic lesions from the 204 surgical cases, mixed germ cell tumors were the most common tumor type (35 cases, 17.15%), followed by seminoma (21 cases, 10.29%). Yolk sac tumors were observed in 9 cases (4.41%), predominantly in the pediatric age group (6 cases in the 0-10-year age bracket). Histopathological findings of the 192 testicular biopsies varied from normal spermatogenesis and maturation arrest to Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and hyposermatogenesis, providing critical diagnostic information for managing male infertility. Conclusion: The study shows that the non-neoplastic lesions predominate among the testicular and para-testicular pathologies with epididymo-orchitis and testicular atrophy being the most common findings. Within the malignant lesions, germ cell tumors are most frequently followed by mixed germ cell tumors and seminoma.